فصل 1-هموستاز

1. The four broad categories of cells include those specialized for each of the following functions except

a. movement.

B. synthesis of complex molecules.

c. secretion.

d. support.

e. conduction of electrical impulses.

2. Physiology is the study of

a. how two organisms interact.

B. how organisms function.

c. the spread of diseases.

d. the structure of the body.

3.The study of disease states in the body is called

A. pathophysiology.

b. anatomy.

c. homeostasis.

d. biology.

e. histology.

4. Which is not a connective tissue cell?

a. bone cells
B. skeletal muscle cells
c. blood cells
d. fat cells
e. Both skeletal muscle cells and blood cells are correct.

5. Epithelial cells

a. include fat-storing cells.

b. act as anchors for body structures.

C. form boundaries between body compartments.

d. Both include fat-storing cells and act as anchors for body structures are correct.

e. Include all of the choices are correct.

6. The cell type that is specialized to communicate with other cells and control their activities is

a. epithelial cells.

b. muscle cells.

c. connective tissue cells.

D. nerve cells.

e. All of the choices are correct.

7. The developmental process that leads to specialized cell types is called

a. genomics.
B. differentiation.
c. homeostasis.
d. positive feedback. e. acclimatization.

8. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the extracellular matrix?

a. Its composition is uniform in all of the body’s tissues.

b. It is an inert framework upon which cells are anchored.

c. It is composed of fibers and other proteins.

d. It functions to allow communication between cells.

E. Both it is composed of fibers and other proteins and it functions to allow communication between cells are correct.

9. The internal environment

a. refers to the intracellular fluid compartment of the body.

b. is regulated to remain relatively constant by the specialized activities of many of the body’s cells.

c. is the medium for exchange of nutrients and wastes for the body’s cells.

d. Both refers to the intracellular fluid compartment of the body and is regulated to remain relatively constant by the specialized activities of many of the body’s cells are correct.

E. Both is regulated to remain relatively constant by the specialized activities of many of the body’s cells and is the medium for exchange of nutrients and wastes for the body’s cells are correct.

10. If a person begins to sweat upon entering a hot room but continued sweating is able to keep the body temperature constant, the person is

a. in equilibrium.

b. not using energy to maintain a constant temperature.

C. in steady state.

d. using a positive feedback mechanism.

11. Homeostasis refers to

a. the unwavering control of a physiological setpoint.

b. maintaining a stable internal environment.

c. maintaining a stable external environment.

d. Both the unwavering control of a physiological setpoint and maintaining a stable internal environment are correct.

e. Both the unwavering control of a physiological setpoint and maintaining a stable external environment are correct.

12. The concept of homeostasis

a. includes the concept of an error signal.

b. refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable condition.

c. refers only to the regulation of body temperature.

d. Both includes the concept of an error signal and refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable condition are correct.

e. Both refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable condition and refers only to the regulation of body temperature are correct.

13. Homeostasis

a. refers to rigid constancy of the internal environment.

B refers to dynamic constancy of the internal environment.

c. is maintained primarily by positive feedback.

d. Both refers to rigid constancy of the internal environment and is maintained primarily by positive feedback are correct.

e. Both refers to dynamic constancy of the internal environment and is maintained primarily by positive feedback are correct.

14. The concept of homeostasis

a. refers to maintaining conditions of constancy of the internal environment.

b. includes the concept of an error signal.

c. includes the concept of feedforward regulation.

d. includes all of the choices.

e. includes none of the choices.

15. The steady state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain is the

a. set point.

b. equilibrium potential.

c. error signal.

d. reflex arc.

e. median value.

16. A reflex is different than a homeostatic control mechanism because a reflex

a. is not initiated by a change in the environment.

b. arc does not require an integrating center to take place.

c. does not require an afferent pathway.

d. is a localized response involving short distance communication.

e. will not always attempt to decrease the magnitude of the original stimulus.

17. Feedforward regulatory processes

a. work in anticipation of changes in regulated variables.

b. work in conjunction with negative feedback processes.

c. lead to instability of the regulated variable.

d. maximize fluctuations in the regulated variable.

e. Both work in anticipation of changes in regulated variables and work in conjunction with negative feedback processes are correct.

18. Feedforward regulation differs from feedback regulation in that

a. the former is stimulatory while the latter is inhibitory.

b. the former allows the cns to anticipate the need for changes in physiological setpoints, whereas the latter does not.

c. only the latter is involved in homeostatic regulation.

d. Both the former is stimulatory while the latter is inhibitory and the former allows the cns to anticipate the need for changes in physiological setpoints, whereas the latter does not are correct.

e. Both the former is stimulatory while the latter is inhibitory and only the latter is involved in homeostatic regulation are correct.

19. The concept of an error signal, when applied to homeostatic adjustments, refers to the fact that the

a. new steady state is often not exactly the same as the setpoint that existed before the adjustment was necessary.

b. pattern of afferent nerve impulses from receptors is sometimes not adequate for optimal adjustments.

c. integrating centers in the CNS sometimes make errors in analyzing afferent signals from various receptors.

d. All of the choices are correct.

e. None of the choices are correct.

20. A positive feedback mechanism is an effective way to

a. maintain a constant internal environment.

b. anticipate changes in the environment.

c. adapt to a new environment.

d. bring about a rapid change in the body.

e. detect changes in the external environment.